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ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠤᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ 50 ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡ |
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ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ᠄
2018/11/30
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ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠠᠲᠯᠠᠨᠲ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠢ︾ ᠰᠡᠳᠭᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ 2013 ᠤᠨ ᠤ 11 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠄ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ 50 ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠪᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠠ ᠭᠡᠭᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠦᠪ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 12 ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠤᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠬᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ︵ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ 6000 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠪᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ︶ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠢᠬᠰᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 1. ᠭᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ︵15 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 30 ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ᠭᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ︽ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠦ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ 2. ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ︶ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠩ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠤᠤᠷᠠᠬᠢ 4᠂ 9᠂ 16᠂ 24᠂ 28᠂ 44 ᠪᠠ 45 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 3. ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠰᠢᠯᠢᠨ ︵盘尼西林︶ 1928 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠪᠤᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠡᠳ᠋ ︵ᠡᠮ︶ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠤᠳᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠡᠭᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠭᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠷᠢᠳᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠮ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 4. ᠪᠠᠨᠳᠤᠤᠲ ᠡᠯᠧᠺᠲᠷᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠦᠨ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ︶ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠭᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ 5. ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯ ︵13 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠶᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠤᠬᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠳᠬᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 6. ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ ︵2 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ︽ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠶᠠᠨᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠂ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠭᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠴᠠᠷᠰᠤᠨ · ᠮᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 7. ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ︶ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 8. ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ ︵1796 ᠤᠨ︶ 1796 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠡᠸ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠸᠠᠷᠳ᠋ · ᠵᠧᠨᠧᠷ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠤᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ 1885 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠦᠶ᠋ᠢ · ᠪᠠᠰᠳᠧ ᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠭᠡᠭᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 9. ᠰᠦᠯᠵᠢᠶᠡ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 60 ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ᠰᠦᠯᠵᠢᠶ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠴᠠᠯᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠬ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ 10. ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ︵1712 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠡᠭᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠭ᠍ᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 11. ᠠᠽᠤᠲ ᠲᠤᠬᠳᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵1918 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠪᠳᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠮᠢᠴᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠹᠯᠢᠼ · ᠬᠠᠪᠧᠷ ᠨᠤᠪᠧᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠪᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠮᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠳᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 12. ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ︶ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ 1880 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ 40 ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ 13. ᠬᠦᠢᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ︵ᠬᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠦ︶ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 50 ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ︽ᠬᠦᠢᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠬᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠬ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠨᠡ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠨ ᠵᠤᠷᠵ · ᠳ᠋ᠠᠰᠸᠡ ᠭᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 14. ᠲᠠᠷᠢ ︵10 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠲᠠᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠨᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠬᠰᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ︾᠃ 15. ᠨᠢᠰᠭᠡᠯ ︵1903 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠨᠢᠰᠭᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 16. ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠺᠤᠮᠫᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 70 ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ︵48 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ︶ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠤᠸᠠᠨᠫᠠᠨ ︵43 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ︶ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠺᠤᠮᠫᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 17. ᠵᠦᠭᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ︵12 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠵᠦᠭᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠪᠡ᠃ 18. ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ︶ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠡᠭᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 19. ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠳ ᠲᠡᠪᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 50 ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠮᠦ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 20. ᠦᠯᠦ ᠵᠢᠷᠮᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠤᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠡᠮ ︵1960 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠵᠢᠷᠮᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠤᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠡᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠦᠷᠨᠢᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ 21. ᠴᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯᠳᠠ ︵1939 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠴᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠭᠤᠪᠠ᠃ 22. ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ︶ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠷᠳᠤᠭᠤᠷ ︵11 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ︶ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ︵38 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ︶ ᠮᠡᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠤ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠨᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠂ 10 ᠳ᠋ᠦᠡᠭᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠯᠦᠰᠭᠦᠯᠡᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠳᠦᠷᠢᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ 23. ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ︵六分仪︶ ︵1757 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠤᠳᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠪᠠ᠃ 24. ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠤᠸᠠ ︵ᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠂ 1876 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠭᠤ ︽ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ︾ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 25. ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠬᠰᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 1000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 26. ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠤᠤ ︵1837 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠤᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠤᠷ · ᠮᠦᠵᠢᠷ᠄ ︽ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠤᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠭᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠬᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠳᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 27. ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠬ ᠵᠦᠩ ︵15 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠮᠧᠬᠠᠨᠢᠬ ᠵᠦᠩ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠴᠠᠬ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 28. ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠤ᠋ ︵无线电᠂ 1906︶ ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠤ᠋ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠺᠲᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨᠴᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ 29. ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ︶ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠬ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 30. ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤ ᠠᠨᠵᠢᠰᠤ ︵18 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤ ᠠᠨᠵᠢᠰᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠴᠢ ᠠᠨᠵᠢᠰᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ 31. ᠠᠷᠾᠢᠮᠧᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠰᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡ ︵螺旋泵᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 3 ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠷᠸᠢᠠ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠵᠤ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠭᠦ ᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠬᠢᠷᠳᠤᠯ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ 32. ᠬᠦᠪᠦᠩ ᠵᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ︵轧棉机᠂ 1863 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠬᠦᠪᠦᠩ ᠵᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠪᠦᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ 33. ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ︵巴氏杀菌᠂ 1863 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠯᠦᠶ᠋ᠢ · ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠳᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠦᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢ᠂ ᠫᠢᠵᠢᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠨᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠤᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠮᠵᠢᠳᠡᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠮ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 34.ᠭᠷᠧᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ︵格列高利历᠂ 1582 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠭᠷᠧᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ︵ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ︶ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠵᠦᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠰᠢ 10 ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠦᠰᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠬᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠯᠬᠤᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 35. ᠲᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ︶ ᠭᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠲᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷᠦᠮᠳᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵39 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ︶ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ 36. ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠢᠨ ︵蒸汽涡轮机᠂ 1884 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠦᠳᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠨᠧᠷᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠠ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ᠄ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ 80% ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ 37. ᠱᠦᠢᠨᠢ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 1000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠱᠦᠢᠨᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 38. ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 20 ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠭᠧᠯᠸᠢᠢ᠊ᠭᠧᠷ · ᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠳᠧᠷ ᠤᠨ 1866 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠡᠳᠦ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬᠳᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 39. ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠷᠦᠮᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵1859 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷᠦᠮᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠂ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯᠡ ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠮᠢᠰᠬᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 40. ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠡᠭᠭᠤᠴᠠ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 4000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠡᠭᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 41. ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠷᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ︵1926 ᠤᠨ︶ ︽ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠴᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠮᠦᠨ︾᠃ 42. ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠭᠤᠰ ︵11 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ︶ ︽ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠭᠤᠰ︾ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠯᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠬᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ 43. ᠰᠤᠸᠠᠨᠫᠠᠨ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 3000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠰᠤᠸᠠᠨᠫᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠶᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ 44. ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠴᠢ ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠮᠵᠢ ︵1902 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠭᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠡᠾᠢᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠸᠡᠭᠧᠯᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠰ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ 45. ᠲᠧᠯᠸᠢᠰ ︵20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ︶ ᠲᠧᠯᠸᠢᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠦᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ 46. ᠮᠢᠨᠴᠦᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ︵1846 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠡᠲ᠋ᠢᠯ ᠡᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ︵乙醚︶ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠤᠤᠯᠢᠹᠦ᠋ · ᠸᠧᠨᠳᠧᠷ · ᠬᠤᠮᠤᠰ ᠢᠡᠭᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠄ ︽ᠲᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠪᠠᠯᠠᠩᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠲᠦᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠᠢ ᠮᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠨᠤᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠮᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠳᠤᠷᠢᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠶᠡᠳᠡ ᠵᠢᠭᠢᠭᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ︾᠃ 47. ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 2000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠨᠢ ︽ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠩᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠳᠬᠠᠪᠠ︾ — ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠤᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠶᠢᠰᠯᠢ · ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ ᠢᠡᠭᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠭᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 48. ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ︵ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 3000 ᠵᠢᠯ︶ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠧᠵᠢᠫᠲ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠫᠢᠷᠡᠮᠢᠳ᠋ ︵金字塔︶ ᠢ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 49. ᠤᠬᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ︵1913 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠤᠬᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 50. ᠺᠤᠮᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ ︵ᠬᠠᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠮ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 20 ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ︶ ᠺᠤᠮᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠬᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠭᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ |
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